Monday, 4 April 2016
Characteristics of Victorian age
The queen Victoria rules England from 1837 to 1901. This period is considered as Victorian age in the history of english literature. It was the age of peace and prosperity and also the age of prose and novel. The literature of Victorian age was influenced by three different factors which are industrial revolution, scientific inventions and political freedom.
An age of Prose and Novel:-
The Victorian age was essentially the age of prose and novel W.J.Long in his book history of English literature says Though the age produced many poets nevertheless this is emphatically an age of prose and novel. (The novel in this age fill a place which the drama held in the days of Elizabethan).
Thomas Hardy:- 1). Oliver Twists
Emily Bronte:- 1). Wuthering Heights.
These novels are just an ice-berg in the ocean of the Victorian novels.
Realism:-
The literature of the Victorian age is literature of realism. The literature of this age is related with the socialand political life of his age. The Victorian writers tried to represent the problems of their own age. There for the Victorian literature is the literature of realism rather than of romance. During this time literature became an instrument of social reform (the literature of this age was marked by didacticaims).
Tennyson responded this new thought in his famous poem “In Memoriam” Mathew Arnold showed the science of new intellectual development in his prose and poetry. This new science created a note of passinism in many thinkers.
During this period the writers tried to balance the romentic as well as the classical influence. This is well obsereved in the works of J.S.Mill during this time. The new religious movement called the oxford movement was started. This movement shows a search for balance.
Moral Purpose:-
The Victorian literature seems to deviate from “art for art’s sake” and asserts its moral purpose. Many of the writer gives the moral message to the world.
Perhaps for this reason the Victorian literature is the literature of ‘realism’ rather than of romance, not the realism of Zola and Ibsen, but a deeper realism which strives to tell the whole truth, showing moral and physical diseases as they are, but holding up health and hope as the moral conditions of humanity. Literature became an instrument of social reform and social propaganda and it was marked with purposeful, propagandistic and didactic aims.
The Victorian literature is full of realism. We can say that Oliver twist is a realistic character; in Victorian age we found there is child labor in workhouse. So it called realism, and in Frankenstein there is no real character like monster in real life, but we found character like Oliver in real life. So the Victorian literature represents realism. There is no imaginative character in the literature. In Victorian literature we found realistic character rather than romantic character.
Pessimism:-
The literature of the age is considerably modified by the impact of science. “It is the scientific spirit, and all that the scientific spirit implied, its certain doubt, its care for minuteness and truth of observation, its growing interest in social processes, and the conditions under which life is lived that is the central fact in Victorian literature.”
The questioning spirit in lough, the pessimism of James Thomson, the melancholy of Matthew Arnold, the fatalism of Fitzgerald, are all the outcome of the skeptical tendencies evoked by scientific research. Tennyson’s poetry is also considerably influenced by the advancement of science in the age, and the undertones of scientific researchers can be heard in ‘In Memoriam’.
Patriotism:-
In one direction the literature of the Victorian age achieved a salient and momentous advance over the lecture of the Romantic Revival. The poets of the Romantic were interested in nature, in the past, and in a lesser degree in art, but they were not intensively interested in men and women.
To Wordsworth the dalesmen of the lakes were a part of the scenery they moved in. He treated human being as natural objects and divested them of the complexities and passions of life as it is lived. The Victorian poets and novelists laid emphasis on men and women and imparted to them the same warmth and glow which the Romantic poets had given to nature. “The Victorian age extended to the complexities of human life, the imaginative sensibility which its predecessor had brought to bear on nature and history. The Victorian poets and novelists added humanity to nature and art as the subject matter of literature.”
We can say that in the literature the effect of patriotism. The writer focuses on national identity and patriotism in Victorian age.
Idealism is often considered as an age of doubt and pessimism. The influence of science is felt here. The whole age seems to be caught in the conception of man in relation to the universe with the idea of evolution.
Though, the age is characterized as practical and materialistic, most of the writers exalt a purely ideal life. It is an idealistic age where the great ideals like truth, justice, love, brotherhood, are emphasized by poets, essayists and novelists of the age.
Conclusion:-
The Function of Criticism by T.S.Eliot
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S. B. GARDY DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
M.K.BHAVNAGAR University
Written by:- Vala Jyotsna T
Course No:-07
Enrollment no :- PG15101042
Topic:-
The Function of Criticism by T.S.Eliot
Introduction:-
T. S. Eliot wrote the essay “The Function of Criticism in 1923”. and Eliot's essay “Tradition and Individual Talent” was published a few years earlyer 1919.
Middlton Murry challenged his essay “Romanticism and the Tradition”. The present essay is Eliot's replay to Murry.
In his essay “The Function of Criticism” T.S.Eliot discusses the basic function according to his.
“The primary function of criticism is the exposition of work of are by means of write words”.
The function of the critic is to see a work of art as it is and to present before the reader what he see it the function.
The Qualification of a Perfect Critic:-
T.S.Eliot say that............
“The most important critic is the auther himself”. No author can produced a great literary work if he does not have and inherent critical faculty in himself.
T.S.Eliot say's.............
I belive that criticism emplayed by a treained and skill writer one his own work is the most writer.
Some creater writers are superiors to others because of their critical power is a superior.
According toT.S.Eliot an ideal critic performs two basic functions.
(1). Elucidation of a work of art under has review.
(2). Correction of taste.
The critic must have the talent to underestand the true nature of poetry. He must make disinterested anendeawour to know an propogate the best that is known and thought in the world he must have the courage to reject the wrong an except the trueth.
T.S.Eliot say's that... “The perfect critic should be the whole man with convictions, principales, knowledge and experience of life”.
The Function Of Criticism (1923):-
This present essay is T.S.Eliot replay to Middlton Murry this essay i divided in to Four parts:-
(1). The first part gives brife opinions of Eliot in the essay “Tradition and Individual Talent”.
(2). In the second part he gives a resume of the vies of Middelton Murry.
(3). In the thirds part this gives views of Murry are briefly dismissed.
(4). In the fourth part the poet examins the different espects of the nature an function of criticism.
Tradition and Individual Talent (1919):-
The terms “Tradition and Traditional” are general used and the derogatory it is a stream that conects the part with future by the presents a great poet can show his talent in this a stream of a traditional. No poet no artist of any art has his complete meaning alone his significant can be judge only when he is plest and evoluated in the stream of the great poet in the past. There for T.S.Eliot say's.........
“You can not value a poet alone you must compare him with the death”.
This is the principale of asthetic historical criticism. T.S.Eliot begins the essay refering two certain views. He had expressed in his earlier essay “Tradition and Individual Talent” because they are related present essay.
In the earlier essay he had pointed out that there is a great relationship between the present and the past in the world of literature past work of literature form an ideal order but this ideal order is disturbif realy a new work of art appeares.
There is readjustment of value between the old literature and new literature Tradition is constantly changing from age to age.
Who ever has approve this idea of order of english literature he will not find it rediculuqus that past should be disturb by present as much as the present in directued by the past.
T.S.Eliot say's that........
“I thought of literature as the literature of the world literature of the euro literature of the single country, not as a collection of a writing of individuals but as organic wholes”
“critic is the commentation an exposition of work of art by means of by writen worlds”.
After such an aviction we are compatred to admit that their remain certain book, certain essay, certain sentance and certain man who have been usefull to us and over next step is to fined out the principales for deciding what kind of method of criticism should be followed.
Views of Middlton Murry:-
In the second part Middlton Murry expresses his view on classicis and Romanticism there are some critics who hold that classicism and Romanticism are the same thing makes clear distinction between Romanticism and Classicism. He say's that............
“ One can not be a classist and romantic at the same time”.
T.S.Eliot praisesm but doesn't agree with him many he say's that..........
“The genious of the French is Classical the genious of the English is Romantic”.
The view of the relation of the work of the art to art, literature to literature, criticism to criticism, seemed to me natural an self avident.
Most of our critic feels that they are nice man and the others are very doubtfull repute but Mr. Murry is not one of this he is aware that there are definite positiones to be taken and one must reject some thing and select thing else.
T.S.Eliot Answer to Murry:-
T.S.Eliot say's that “I can not agree with Middlton Murry's forguelation of classicism and Romanticism. The differents between Classicism and Romanticism sense to him differents between the complate and the fragnantary the adult and an the avmature the orderly and chokotic but what Murry show is that there are at least to attitude to words literature and to words everyting and that you can not worlds both Murry belief that.........
“Catholicism stands for the principle of anquetion spiritual authority out side and individual that is also the principle of classicism in literature”.
If the France are the naturaly classical why should be any opposition in France? And if classicism is not natural for them why not is it hear? Were the France man is the year 1600 classical and the english in the some year Romantic? The more impotant different is that the France in the year 1600 had all ready a more mature prose.
Creative And Critical Faculty:-
T.S.Eliot does not agree with the general view creative faculty is better and higher than critical faculty he holds the view that the creative and critical facultys are complimentry to each other criticism can not exist without creative literature and at the some time creative literature can not grow without critical principle and evoluation.
Thus T.S.Eliot refusise Metthew Arnold the view that “Creative faculty is higher and noble there critical faculty” an the contrary T.S.Eliot say's that........
“The large part of labour of and other in composing his work is critical labour the labour of shifting combairy, comparison, controuting, corrective, stating and so on etc.......
Conclusion:-
In short this is an important essay about the function of critic the role of tradition and inner voice this is beautiful example of T.S.Eliot style of argument and presentation.
Five types of cultural studies
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Five
types of cultural studies
Name :- Vala Jyotsna T.
Roll no:- 38.
Paper : 8th ( Cultural
Studies)
Topic : Five types of cultural
studies
Class : M.A.—1, SEM--2
Year : 2015-17
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinh
Bhavnagar University.
Topic: -Five types
of cultural studies
What is culture:-
Dictionary meaning of Culture
is the way of living of the people of India. India's languages
religions,dance, music, food and custom differ from place to place within the
country.
Matthew Arnold says :-
It is a pursuit , collective not
individual.
T.S.Eliot says:-
Three way actually spoken of
cultures
(1). A synecdoche-e.g. Art – culture
(2). A kind of emotional stimulant /
general well – being – e.g.
“The culture of India is very ancient
and hallolded = an over arching statement.
(3). An aesthetic – an aesthetic used
by politicious and the media as a rhetoric without any depth.
Raymond Williams:-
Culture is “Ordinary”
He says “Every worker is a cultures
“Every laborer is a culture”
Stefan Collini:-
“Culture is an ideal of human life”.
·
Five types of cultural
studies:
Cultural studies were divided into five parts;-
(1). British Culture Materialism
(2). New Historicism
(3). American Multiculturalism
(4). Postmodernism and Popular Culture
(5). Postcolonial Studies
Cultural
study approach generally share four goals:=
(1).
Cultural studies transcends the confines of a particular discipline such as
literary criticism and history.
(2).
Cultural studies is politically engaged.
(3).
Cultural studies denies the separation of “high” and “low” or elite and popular
culture.
(4).
Cultural studies analyzes not only the culture work, but also the means of
production.
So let’ take introduction on five types of cultural studies.
1) British cultural Materialism:-
Cultural material began in earnest in the 1950s with the work of
F.R. leavis.
Cultural studies are referred to as cultural materialism in
Britain.
Matthew
Arnold redefined the ‘givens’ of British culture.
“There are no masses; there are only ways of seeing (other)
people as masses”
-Williams
Britain has two trajectories for culture
1).—First leads to past culture preserver
2).—Second leads to
Louis Althusser insisted that ideology was ultimately in control
of the people that the main function of ideology was to produce the society’s
existing relations of production and that function is even carried out in
literary texts.
Some cultural materialists are:
1) Walter Benjamin
2) Leni Riefenstahl – Triumph of the Will.
3) Lukacs – Reflection theory
Cultural materialists also turned to:-
-Humanistic
-Spiritual insight.
2) New historicism:-
“If the 1970s could be called the age of deconstruction some
hypothetical survey of late 20thcentury criticism might well
characterize the 1980s as marking the Return to History, or perhaps the
recovery of the referent.”
American counterpart of British cultural Materialism and history as a material:-
-Subjective
- not a unified whole
-Is the story of the ruling class
New historicist seek “surprising coincidences “that may cross.”
Stephen Greenbelt:-
coined the word New Criticism. “New historicism explains the
word “Laputa”from Gulliver’s travels.
“Laputa means the whore” it is
describes as gigantic trope of the female body.
The “New Historicism”
movement is led by Stephen Greenbelt. It refers to the historical nature of the
text and textual nature of the history. It is different from the New Criticism
in which theories like deconstruction and structuralism give importance to
linguistic approach of the text. On the other hand, new historicism connects
the text with its non-literary, historical text and breaks down the distinction
between them. It draws inspiration from Michel Foucault’s discourse and power
that holds that we find the active reflection of the power relation of that
time in the text and it makes and remakes the meaning. New historicism is less
a theory for interpreting text and more a set of shared assumption that history
and text are intimately interconnected.
New Historicism focuses on the way literature expresses-and
sometimes disguises-power relations at work in the social context in which the
literature was produced, often this involves making connections between
a literary work and other kinds of texts. Literature is often shown to
“negotiate” conflicting power interests. New historicism has made its biggest
mark on literary studies of the Renaissances and Romantic periods and has
revised motions of literature as privileged, apolitical writing. Much new
historicism focuses on the marginalization of subjects such as those identified
as witches, the insane, heretics, vagabonds, and political prisoners.
3) American Multiculturalism:
In 1965 the Watts race riots draw
worldwide attention. They were given rights equal to Whites.
Leon Botstein emphasized on reading classical and traditional books Bernard
Diaz’s says….
“Every American should understand Mexico from the point of view
the observers of the conquest and of the history before the conquest. No
American should graduate from college without a framework of knowledge that
includes at least some construct of Asian history of Latin American history, of
African history.”
American political history and we witness bloodshed and
atrocities in the name of racism. Fifty years later, if we look at the matter
now, we find the idea of race and ethnicity has evolved over the years. Social
scientists believe that “race” is the whites’ construct rather than
scientifically approved, to assign their privilege and dominance over the
black. Interracial marriage is so widespread that the bicultural or
multicultural American is the norm rather than exception. With the huge influx
of Mexican American, it is predicted that in 2050, English will no more be the
national language and Anglo-American a majority.
American Multiculturalism includes:
-
African American Writers
- Latina Writer
- American Indian Writers
- Latin
Writers Asian American writers
(4) Postmodernism and popular culture:-
Introduction:-
“Postmodernism” is a
term usually applied to the period in literature and literary theory since the 1960s, though
some regard postmodernism as the prevailing intellectual mood since World War-2
ended in 1945. Numerous Philosophers, critics, and belletristic writers can be
seen as precursors or early representatives of the cultural and aesthetic
approach that would come to be called postmodernism, among them Martin
Heidegger, Walter Benjamin, Bertolt Bretch, Jorge Luis Borges, and Roland
Barthes. Postmodernism is characterized by a strikingly radical skepticism
toward all aspects of western culture, the impetus for which many practitioners
of postmodern theory they trace back to the writings of the nineteenth century,
philosopher Frederic Nietzsche. Nietzsche’s spiritual descendants seek, in so
many words, a new kind of meaning independent of the prevailing cultural “myth”
of objective truth.
Post modernism borrows from modernism disillusionment with the
givens of society; a penchant for irony. The self-conscious “play “within the
work of art: fragmentation and ambiguity; and a restructured, debentured,
dehumanized subject.
Recently the notions
of met modernism, post-postmodernism and the ‘death of postmodernism’ have
been increasingly widely debated in his introduction to a special
issue of the journal 20th century literature titled ‘After
postmodernism’ that “declarations of postmodernism’s demise have become a
critical commonplace”. The exhibition post modernism- style and subversion
1970-1990 at the Victorian and Albert Museums was billed as the first however
to document post ssmodernism as a historical movement.
Post
modernism-:
- Ambiguity
- Fragmentation
- Dehumanization
Popular culture divided into…
-Production analysis
-Production analysis
-Popular
culture
-
Historical analysis
-
Audience analysis
-
Textual analysis
Popular culture is studied after 1960s
popular culture reshaped……..
Popular culture…
1) Ethnicity
2) Race
3) Gender
4) Class
5) Age
6) Region
7) Sexuality.
Popular culture is the
entirely of ideas, perspective, attitudes, images and other Phenomena that are
within the mainstream of a given culture, especially western culture of the
early to mid 20th century and the emerging global mainstream of the
late 20th and early 21th century. Heavily influenced by mass media,
this collection of ideas permeates the everyday lives of the society.
Popular culture is
often viewed as being trivial and dumber down in order to find consensual
acceptance throughout the mainstream. As a result it comes under heavy
criticism from various non mainstream sources (most notably religious groups
and counter cultural groups) which deem it superficial, consumerist,
sensationalist, and corrupted.
5) Post colonial studies:-
Post
colonial Theorists:-
- Jean Rhys
-Jamaica Kincaid
-E.M. Forster
-Rudyard Kipling.
Post colonialism is a historical phase undergone by third world
countries after the decline of colonialism, post colonial theories.
Post colonial literary
theorist study the English language within the political zed context.
Gayatri Chakravorly
Spivak is post colonial feminist who examined the effects of political
independence upon “subaltern” sub proletarian women in the Third World.
Spivak's subaltern study reveal how female subjects are silenced by dialogue
between the male-dominated west and the male -dominated East, offering little
hope for the subaltern woman's voice to rise up amidst the global social
institution that oppress her.
Conclusion:
Thus, in cultural studies
we can find five types of cultural studies. Which were helps to recognize the
different cultures with the different communities and histories.
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